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The Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt was a series of rulers reigning during the Second Intermediate Period over the Nile Delta region of Egypt. It lasted between 75 (c. 1725–1650 BC) and 155 years (c. 1805–1650 BC), depending on the scholar. The capital of the dynasty was probably Avaris.〔 The 14th dynasty existed concurrently with the 13th dynasty based in Memphis. The rulers of the 14th dynasty are commonly identified by Egyptologists as being of Canaanite or West Semitic descent, owing to the distinct origins of the names of some of their kings and princes, like Ipqu (West Semitic for ''"grace"''), Yakbim ("''ia-ak-bi-im''", an Ammorite name), Qareh (West Semitic for ''"the bald one"''), or Yaqub-Har.〔 Names in relation with Nubia are also recorded in two cases, king Nehesy ("''The Nubian''") and queen Tati. == Chronology == The 14th dynasty is sometimes combined with the 11th, 12th and 13th dynasties in the period ''Middle Kingdom of Egypt'', though the 14th dynasty overlaps at least partially with either (or both of) the 13th dynasty and the 15th dynasty. More commonly, the 14th dynasty is grouped with the 13th, 15th, 16th and 17th in the ''Second Intermediate Period''. Such are the gaps in the knowledge of the 14th dynasty, that its absolute chronological position is debated and varies by as much as 75 years among authorities. Egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposes that the 14th dynasty emerged during the late 12th dynasty, c. 1805 BC, during or shortly after Sobekneferu's rule. He contends that the local Canaanite population residing in the eastern Delta declared its independence and staved off possible attempts from the 13th dynasty Memphite kings to recover the Delta. According to Ryholt, the 14th dynasty thus lasted from 1805 BC until its demise under the Hyksos 15th dynasty, c. 1650 BC, i.e. lasting 155 years. This hypothesis is not shared by some Egyptologists such as Manfred Bietak, Daphna Ben Tor and James and Susan Allen, who argue that the 14th dynasty cannot have emerged before the mid 13th dynasty, c. 1720 BC, after the reign of Sobekhotep IV.〔Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (BASOR) 315, 1999, pp.47-73.〕〔Janine Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period (c.1650-1550 BC)" in Ian Shaw (ed.) ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', Oxford University Press, 2000. pp.192 & 194〕 In particular, they argue that the evidence from the strata levels in which 14th dynasty seals were discovered conclusively establishes that the 14th dynasty was only contemporary with the 13th dynasty in the last half century of the latter's existence, i.e. after c. 1700 BC. Additionally, Manfred Bietak has dated the inscriptions and monuments of Nehesy, possibly the second ruler of the dynasty, to around 1700 BC as well〔Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period," pp.178-179, 181〕 Following the very short reign of Nehesy, most scholars, among which Manfred Bietak and Kim Ryholt, agree however that the Delta region was struck by a prolonged famine and perhaps a plague lasting until the end of the 14th dynasty.〔〔Manfred Bietak, "Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age," ''BASOR'', 281 (1991), pp. 21-72, esp. p. 38, (available online )〕 The same famine may have affected the 13th dynasty, which also exhibits instability and numerous ephemeral kings in its last 50 years of existence, from c. 1700 BC until 1650 BC. The weakened state of both kingdoms may explain, in part, why they fell rapidly to the emerging Hyksos power c. 1650 BC.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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